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		Family relations, peer influence, spirituality and drug use among students in one university in Kingston, Jamaica Howard Gough,1 Samantha Longman-Mills,2 Winston De La Haye,3 Robert Mann,4 Bruna Brands,5 Hayley Hamilton,6 Maria da Glória Miotto Wright,7 Francisco Cumsille,8 Akwatu Khenti9 1MSc. Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, International University of the Caribbean. Kingston, Jamaica. 2Ph.D. Associate Professor, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston, Jamaica. 3Ph.D. Associate Professor, School of Medicine, University of the West Indies. Mona, Jamaica. 4Ph.D. Professor and Researcher, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, CAMH, University of Toronto Toronto, Canada. 5Ph.D. Senior Scientist. Office of Research and Surveillance, Drug Strategy and Controlled Substances Programme, Health Canada and Public Health and Regulatory Policies, CAMH, University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 6Ph.D. Investigator, CAMH, University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 7Ph.D. Former Coordinator Educational Development Program Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), Secretariat for Multidimensional Security. Washington, USA. 8Ph.D. Director Interamerican Drug Observatory, CICAD, Secretariat for Multidimensional Security at Organization of American States. Washington, USA. 9Doctoral Student. Director, Office of Transformative Global Health, CAMH. Toronto, Canada Texto Contexto Enferm 24(Esp): 184-189
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Gough, Howard; Longman-Mills, Samantha; Haye, Winston De La; Mann, Robert; Brands, Bruna; Hamilton, Hayley; Wright, Maria da Glória Miotto; Cumsille, Francisco; Khenti, Akwatu. Family relations, peer influence, spirituality and drug use among students in one university in Kingston, Jamaica. Texto Contexto Enferm, 2015, 24(Esp). Disponible en <https://www.index-f.com/textocontexto/2015/24s184.php> Consultado el

Abstract This study seeks to illuminate the relationship between family relations, peer influence, spirituality and drug use among students in one university in Kingston, Jamaica. A cross-sectional survey design was employed to collect quantitative data from 335 undergraduate university students, using self-report questionnaires. The sample consisted of 335 students (69 % male and 31% female) between the ages 18-24 years. 77.6 % of the sample reported drug use within the past year. A significant positive correlation was identified between past year cannabis use and having dysfunctional and stressful family relationships (p<.05); and negative correlations between past year alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use and positive peer influence (p<.05) as well as higher levels of spirituality (p<.01). A connected family relationship was a protective factor against cannabis use, while positive peer influence and high levels of spirituality are protective factors against alcohol, tobacco and cannabis use among the students who participated in this study. Key-words: Street drugs/ Family relations/ Friends/ Spirituality.   Resumen Relaciones familiares, influencia de pares, espiritualidad y consumo de drogas entre estudiantes en una universidad en Kingston, Jamaica Este estudio busca clarear la relacion entre las relaciones familiares, la influencia de los pares, la espiritualidad y el uso de drogas en estudiantes de una Universidad en Kingston, Jamaica. Es un estudio de corte transversal utilizando datos cuantitativos de 335 estudiantes del pregrado, utilizando un cuestionario llenado por los estudiantes. La muestra fue compuesta de 335 estudiantes (69% sexo masculino y 31% sexo femenino) entre las idades de 18-24 anos. Los 77.6% de los estudiantes de la muestra informaran ter utilizado drogas en el ano anterior. Una correlaccion positiva fue identificada entre el uso de cannabis en el ano anterior y tener una relacion familiar disfunccional y estresante (p<.05); y correlaciones negativas entre el uso en el ano anterior de alcohol, fumar e cannabis y positive para influencia de pares (p<.05), bien como para niveles alto de espiritualidad (p<.01). Una relacion familiar buena fue un factor protetor contra el uso de cannabis, encuanto la influencia positiva de pares y alto nivel de espiritualidad fueran factores positivos contra el uso de alcohol, fumar, y cannabis entre estudiantes que participaran en la investigacion. Palabras clave: Drogas ilícitas/ Relaciones familiares/ Amigos/ Espiritualidad.   Resumo Relações familiares, influência dos pares, espiritualidade e uso de drogas entre estudantes de uma universidade em Kingston, Jamaica Tem por objetivo analisar as relações familiares e a influência dos grupos de amigos, a espiritualidade e o uso de drogas em estudantes de uma Universidade en Kingston, Jamaica. É um estudo de corte transversal, utilizando dados quantitativos de 335 estudantes de graduação, utilizando um questionário. A amostra de 355 estudantes teve 69% do sexo masculino e 31% do sexo feminino, entre as idades de 18-24 anos. Os 77.6% de estudantes da amostra informaram ter utilizado drogas no ano anterior. Uma correlação positiva foi encontrada entre o uso de cannabis no ano anterior e ter uma relação familiar disfucional e estressante (p<.05); e correlações negativas entre o uso anterior de alcool, fumar e cannabis (p<.01). Uma relação familiar boa mostrou ser um fator, protetor contra o uso de cannabis, enquanto a influência positiva de amigos e o alto nivel de espiritualidade foram fatores positivos contra o uso de alcool, fumar e cannabis entre estudantes que participaram na pesquisa. Palavras chave: Drogas ilícitas/ Relações familiares/ Amigos/ Espiritualidade.   References 1.  Whitcomb S, Merrell KW. Behavioral, social, and emotional assessment of children and adolescents. 4th ed. New York (US): Taylor & Francis; 2013. 2.  Jongsma AE, Peterson LM, Bruce TJ. The complete adult psychotherapy treatment planner. 4th ed. New York (US): Wiley; 2012. 3.  Eells TD. Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation. 2nd ed. New York (US): Guilford Publications; 2011. 4.  Berman PS. Case conceptualization and treatment planning: integrating theory with clinical practice. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks (US): SAGE Publications; 2009. 5.  The National Council on Drug Abuse. National household survey of drug use and abuse in Jamaica, 2001. Kingston: The National Council on Drug Abuse ; 2002. 6.  Leo-Rhynie EA. The Jamaican family: continuity & change. Grace (US): Kennedy Foundation; 1993. 7.  Davis DD. Terminating therapy: a professional guide to ending on a positive note. Hoboken (US): Wiley; 2008. 8.  Gurman AS. Clinical handbook of couple therapy. 4th ed. New York (US): Guilford Publications; 2008. 9.  Leiblum SR. Principles and practice of sex therapy. 4th ed. New York (US): Guilford Publications; 2006. 10.  National Family Planning Board, United States Agency for International Development. Fact sheet: childhood and intimate partner violence in Jamaica. 2010 [cited 2013 Nov 25]; Available at: https://www.jnfpb.org/factsheet/fact_sheet_draft.pdf 11.  McKenzie K. Jamaica: community mental health services. In: Cohen A, Caldas de Almeida J, editors. Innovative mental health programs in Latin America & the Caribbean: Pan American Health Organization; 2008. p. 79-92. 12.  Hatch RL, Burg MA, Naberhaus DS, Hellmich LK. The Spiritual Involvement and Beliefs Scale. Development and testing of a new instrument. J Fam Pract. 1998 Jun; 46(6):476-86. 13.  Greenberg N. Can spirituality be defined?. Knoxville (US): University of Tennessee; 2008. 14.  WHO ASSIST Working Group. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): development, reliability and feasibility. Addiction. 2002 Sep; 97(9):1183-94 15.  Corey MS, Corey GF. Groups: process and practice. 7th ed. Belmont (US): Thomson/Brooks/Cole; 2006. 16.  Beck JS, Beck AT. Cognitive behavior therapy: basics and beyond. 2nd ed. New York (US): Guilford Publications; 2011 17.  Bronfenbrenner U. The bioecological model of human development. In: Bronfenbrenner U, editor. Making human beings human: bioecological perspectives on human development. Thousand Oaks (US): Sage Publications; 2005. p. 3-15. 18.  Nóbrega MPSS, Simich L, Strike C, Brands B, Giesbrecht N, Khenti A. Policonsumo simultâneo de drogas entre estudantes de graduação da área de ciências da saúde de uma universidade: implicações de gênero, sociais e legais, Santo André - Brasil. Texto Contexto Enferm [online]. 2012 [cited 2015 Jan 20]; 21(spe):25-33. Available at: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-07072012000500003&lng=en&nrm=iso

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