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		Gender differences for peer influence on drug use among students from one university in Guyana: curriculum implications Bridget Ogowewo,1 Samuel Noh,2 Hayley Hamilton,3 Bruna Brands,4 Denise Gastaldo,5 Maria da Gloria Miotto Wright,6 Francisco Cumsille,7 Akwatu Khenti8 1Ph.D. University of Guyana. Georgetown, Guyana. 2Ph.D. Investigator, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, CAMH, University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 3Ph.D. Investigator, CAMH, University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 4Ph.D. Senior Scientist. Office of Research and Surveillance, Drug Strategy and Controlled Substances Programme, Health Canada and Public Health and Regulatory Policies, CAMH, University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 5Ph.D. Professor, Lawrence S. Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing de la University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 6Ph.D. Former Coordinator Educational Development Program Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), Secretariat for Multidimensional Security. Washington, USA. 7Ph.D. Director Interamerican Drug Observatory, CICAD, Secretariat for Multidimensional Security at Organization of American States. Washington, USA. 8Doctoral Student. Director, Office of Transformative Global Health, CAMH. Toronto, Canada Texto Contexto Enferm 24(Esp): 170-176
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Ogowewo, Bridget; Noh, Samuel; Hamilton, Hayley; Brands, Bruna; Gastaldo, Denise; Wright, Maria da Gloria Miotto; Cumsille, Francisco; Khenti, Akwatu. Gender differences for peer influence on drug use among students from one university in Guyana: curriculum implications. Texto Contexto Enferm, 2015, 24(Esp). Disponible en <https://www.index-f.com/textocontexto/2015/24s170.php> Consultado el

Abstract Drug use in our society seems to be a growing concern. Hence the concern of the ES/CICAD and CAMH to sponsor Multicentric Research projects for which this is one. This study therefore sought to determine gender differences for peer influence on drug use among students from one university in Guyana. A survey was applied to 263 university students selected by a purposive sampling. Mean, percentage, cross-tab, t- test and Spearman correlation were used for data analysis. Drug use by male and female participants was minimal. Gender was not significantly different in the level of peer influence. But it was significantly different in the use of illicit drug and in its association with the relationship between peer influence and drug use. The result of this study had curriculum implications. Based on the sampling technique, it was recommended that a similar study be carried out in a wider community outside of the university. Key-words: Gender/ Narcotics/ Students/ Curriculum.   Resumen Las diferencias de género e influencia de los pares sobre el uso de drogas en estudiantes de una universidad en Guyana y sus implicaciones curriculares El uso de drogas en nuestra sociedad parece ser una preocupación creciente. De ahí la preocupación de la ES/CICAD y CAMH para patrocinar proyectos de investigación multicéntricos, de los cuales este proyecto forma parte. El uso de drogas es normalmente asociado con grupos de pares y género. Por lo tanto este estudio busco determinar las diferencias de género sobre la influencia de pares en el uso de drogas entre estudiantes de una Universidad en Guayana. Un cuestionario fue aplicado a 263 estudiantes universitarios seleccionados mediante un muestreo intencional. El análisis de datos se realizó mediante el cálculo de la media, los porcentajes, la tabulación cruzada, el test "t" y la correlación de Spearman. El uso de drogas en hombres y mujeres fue mínimo. Las diferencias de género no fueron significantes para el nivel de influencia de género. El uso de drogas fue significativo en el uso de drogas ilícitas y su relación con la influencia de pares y el uso de drogas. Palabras clave: Gênero/ Narcóticos/ Estudantes/ Curriculum.   Resumo Diferenças de gênero e influência no uso de drogas em estudantes universitarios na Guyana: implicações curriculares O uso de drogas em nossa sociedade parece ser uma preocupação crescente. Daí a preocupação da SE/CICAD e do CAMH para patrocinar projetos de pesquisa multicêntricos, do qual este projeto faz parte. O uso de drogas é normalmente associado com os grupos de pares e de gênero. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar a influência do gênero e a influência dos pares no uso de drogas entre estudantes universitários da Guyiana. Um questionário foi aplicado a 263 estudantes universitários selecionados por meio de amostragem intencional. A análise dos dados foi realizada por meio do cálculo da média, das percentagens, da tabulação cruzada, do teste "t" e correlação de Spearman. As diferenças de género não foram significativas para o nível de influência do gênero. O uso de drogas ilicitas foi significativo especialmente pela influência dos colegas. Palavras chave: Gênero/ Entorpecentes/ Estudantes/ Currículo.   References 1.  Most Guyanese abusing some substance, Ramsammy says. Stabroeknews.com [online]. 2009 Jun 28 [cited 2014 Agu 22]; Staff Writer. Available at: https://www.stabroeknews.com/2009/archives/06/28/most-guyanese-abusing-some-substance-ramsammy-says/ 2.  Guyana Cocaine Flourishing State - Department . Filed under Bharrat Jagdeo. n.d 3.  Rohee C. Cocaine, Guyana James Singh. March 3, 2011. Ministry of Culture, Youth and Sport in Guyana; 2010. 4.  Kahan M. Physical effects of alcohol and other drugs. In: Harrison S, Carver V, editors. Alcohol and drug problems: a practical guide for counsellors. Toronto (CA): Addiction Research Foundation; 1997. p. 185-201. 5.  Andrews JA, Tildesley E, Psychology Hops H, Li F. The influence of peers on young adult substance use. Health Psychol. 2002 Jul; 21(4):349-57. 6.  Ashby Wills T, Cleary S D. Peer and adolescent substance use among 6th-9th graders: Latent growth analyses of influence versus selection mechanisms. Health Psychol. 1999 Sep; 18(5):453-63. 7.  Kiesner J, Poulin F, Dishion TJ. Moderating and mediating effects of parental monitoring and peer activity. Merrill Palmer Q (Wayne State Univ Press). 2010 Oct; 56(4):529-56. 8.  Read JP, Wood MD, Maggs JI. A prospective investigation of relations. J Stud Alcohol. 2005 Jan; 66(1):23-34. 9.  Yanovitzky I. Sensation seeking and adolescent drug use: the mediating role of association with deviant peers and pro-drug discussions. Health Commun. 2005;17(1):67-89. 10.  Urberg K, Degirmencioglu SM, Pilgrim C. Close friend and group influence on adolescent cigarette smoking and alcohol use. Dev Psychol. 1997 Sep; 33(5):834-44. 11.  Padina RJ, Johnson VL, White HR. Peer influences on substance use during adolescence and emerging adulthood. In: Scherie LM. Handbook of drug use etiology: New York (US): Oxford University Press; 2010. 12.  Oetting ER, Donnermeye JF. Primary socialization theory: the etiology of drug use and deviance. I. Subst Use Misuse. 1998 Mar; 33(4):995-1026. 13.  Catalano RF, Hawkins JD. The social development model: a theory of antisocial behaviour. In: Hawkins JD, editor. Delinquency and crime: current theories. New Yourk (US): Cambridge University Press; 1996. 14.  Hawkins JD, Weis JG. The social development model: an integrated approach to delinquency prevention. J Prim Prev. 1985 Dec; 6(2):73-97. 15.  Borsari B, Carey K. Peer influences on college drinking: a review of the research. J Subst Abuse. 2001; 13(4):391-424. 16.  Butters JE. The impact of peers and social disapproval on high-risk cannabis use: gender differences and implications for drug education. Drugs: Educ, Preve Policy. 2004 Oct; 11(5):381-90. 17.  Bloor R. The influence of age and gender on drug use in the United Kingdom - a review. Am J Addict. 2006 May-Jun; 15(3):201-7. 18.  Park J. Adolescent self - concept and health into adulthood. Health Rep. 2003; 14 (Suppl):41-52. 19.  Crawford LA, Novak KB. Resisting peer pressure: characteristics associated with other-self discrepancies in college students' levels of alcohol consumption. J Alcohol Drug Educ. 2007 Mar; 51(1):35-62. 20.  Mayberry M, Espelage D, Koenig B. Multilevel modelling of direct effects and interaction of peers, parents, school and community. J Youth Adolesc. 2009 Sep;38(8):1038-49. 21.  World Health Organization. Lexicon of alcohol and drug terms [online]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 19942012 [cited 2014 Ago 22]. Available at: https://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/9241544686.pdf?ua=1 22.  Whitehorne-Smith P, Simich L, Strike C, Brands B, Giesbrecht Nn, Khenti Au. Gender differences in simultaneous polydrug use among undergraduate students of one university, Kingston - Jamaica. Texto Contexto Enferm [online]. 2012 [cited 2014 Ago 22]; 21(spe):74-8. Available at: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-07072012000500010&lng=pt 23.  Igwebuike TB. Curriculum planning and development: principles and practice. Warri (NG): COEWA Publishers; 1995.

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