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		Child maltreatment and use and abuse of drugs among students in a University of León, Nicaragua Lucia Isabel Solórzano Tinoco,1 Robert Mann,2 Hayley Hamilton,3 Patricia Erickson,4 Bruna Brands,5 Norman Giesbrecht,6 Maria da Gloria Miotto Wright,7 Francisco Cumsille,8 Jaime Sapag,9 Akwatu Khenti10 1M.Sc. Investigator, Unidad Salud Mental, Centro de Investigación en Demografía y Salud ,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua. León. Nicaragua. 2Ph.D. Investigator, Centro de Adiccion y Salud Mental ,CAMH, Universidad de Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 3Ph.D. Investigator, CAMH, Universidad de Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 4Ph.D. Investigator, CAMH, Universidad de Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 5Ph.D. Senior Scientist. Office of Research and Surveillance, Drug Strategy and Controlled Substances Programme, Health Canada and Public Health and Regulatory Policies, CAMH, University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 6Ph.D. Investigator, CAMH, Universidad de Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 7Ph.D. Former Coordinator Educational Development Program Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), Secretariat for Multidimensional Security. Washington, USA. 8Ph.D. Director Interamerican Drug Observatory, CICAD, Secretariat for Multidimensional Security at Organization of American States. Washington, USA. 9Ph.D. MD, MPH, CAMH, Toronto, Canada. 10Doctoral Student. Director Transformative Global Health Office, CAMH. Toronto, Canada Texto Contexto Enferm 24(Esp): 69-74
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Tinoco, Lucia Isabel Solórzano; Mann, Robert; Hamilton, Hayley; Erickson, Patricia; Brands, Bruna; Giesbrecht, Norman; Wright, Maria da Gloria Miotto; Cumsille, Francisco; Sapag, Jaime; Khenti, Akwatu. Child maltreatment and use and abuse of drugs among students in a University of León, Nicaragua. Texto Contexto Enferm, 2015, 24(Esp). Disponible en <https://www.index-f.com/textocontexto/2015/24s069.php> Consultado el

Abstract This exploratory study was aimed at examining the relationship between maltreatment during childhood and the use and abuse of drugs among students in a university of León, Nicaragua. A self-administered questionnaire was applied to 368 students. The results showed that 51.6% of the participants were female, with average age of 19 years, while men were older (average of 24 years old). Among the students 22.8% had the perception of been maltreated during childhood. Negligence was more frequent among men, while psychological, physical and sexual abuse was more frequent among women. The use of drugs (licit or illicit) sometime in their lives occurred in 50.0% of the students, with higher prevalence among men. Using a chi-square analysis, it was found that sexual abuse is significantly related to drug use (?12=7.49) (p=.00), but not to drug abuse. Physical abuse was statistically related with both use and abuse of drugs. Key-words: Drugs/ Maltreatment/ Childhood/ Students/ Universities.   Resumen Maltrato durante la niñez asociado al uso y abuso de drogas En estudiantes en una universidad de León, Nicaragua Investigación exploratoria que pretendió examinar la asociación entre el maltrato durante la niñez y el uso y abuso de drogas entre los estudiantes de una Universidad en León, Nicaragua. Mediante la aplicación de un cuestionario auto-administrado se obtuvo que el 51.6% de los participantes eran de sexo femenino y el 95.6% se encontraban en las edades de 18 y 24 años. El 22.8% tuvo la percepción de haber sido maltratados durante su infancia. Un 9.0% reportó abuso sexual, en su mayoría del sexo femenino. El 50% habían consumido algún tipo de droga (licita/ilícita) alguna vez en su vida. Mediante un análisis del Chi Cuadrado se encontró que el abuso sexual está relacionado con el uso de drogas significativamente (?12=7.49) (p=0.00). Palabras clave: Drogas/ Maltrato/ Infantil/ Estudiantes/ Universidades.   Resumo Maus-tratos na infância e uso e abuso de drogas entre estudantes de uma universidade de León, Nicarágua Esta pesquisa exploratória procurou examinar a associação entre maus-tratos na infância e uso e abuso de drogas entre alunos de uma universidade em Leon, Nicarágua. Um questionário autoadministrado foi aplicado a 368 estudantes. Os resultados mostraram que 51.6% dos participantes eram do sexo feminino, com idade média de 19 anos, enquanto os homens eram mais velhos (média 24 anos). Entre os estudantes, 22.8% referem ter sido abusados na infância. A negligência foi mais frequente entre homens, enquanto abuso físico, psicológico e sexual foi entre as mulheres. O uso de drogas (lícitas ou ilícitas) em algum momento da vida ocorreu em 50,0% dos estudantes, com maior prevalência entre os homens. A análise do qui-quadrado apontou que o abuso sexual está relacionado ao uso de drogas de forma significativa (?12=7.49) (p=0.00), mas não ao abuso de drogas. Maus-tratos físicos foram estatisticamente associados tanto ao uso quanto ao abuso de drogas. Palavras chave: Drogas/ Maus-tratos infantis/ Estudantes/ Universidades.   References 1.  ECLAC, UN, UNICEF [internet]. C. Chile, Ed. [recuperado 2010 Jun 28], Disponible en: https://www.unicef.org/lac/Boletin-Desafios9-CEPAL-UNICEF(2).pdf 2.  Leventhal AM, Schmitz JM. The role of drug use outcome expectancies in substance abuse risk: An interactional-transformational model. Addict Behav. 2006 Nov; 31(11):2038-62. 3.  Matthew I, Pillon, S. Protection and risks factors associated with alcohol use in adolescents with alcohol-addicted parents in Peru. Rev Latino-Am Enfermagem. 2004; 12 (Esp):359-68. 4.  Larrain SH, Bascunan CD. Maltrato infantil y relaciones familiares en Chile. Análisis comparativo. 1994-2000-2006. Rev Chil Pediatr. 2008; 79(Supl 1):64-79. 5.  Sabaté Rotés A, Sancosmed Ron M, Cebrián Rubio R, Canet Ponsa M, Martín González M. Suspected child abuse in paediatric emergency service. An Pediatr (Barc). 2009 Jul; 71(1):60-3. 6.  Kessler R, Barker PR, Colpe LJ, Epstein JF, Gfroerer JC, Hiripi E. Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Feb; 60(2):184-9. 7.  Rothman EF, Edwards EM, Heeren T, Hingson RW. Adverse childhood experiences predict earlier age of drinking onset: results from a representative US sample of current or former drinkers. Pediatrics. 2008 Aug; 122(2):e298-304. 8.  Fonte LA. Child abuse and culture: working with diverse families. New York (US): The Guilford Press; 2005. 9.  Brems C, Johnson M, Neal D, Freemon M. Childhood abuse history and substance use among men and women receiving detoxification services. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 2004 Nov; 30(4):799-821. 10.  Children ST. Contamelo, yo te creo! Estudio de prevalencia sexual e incesto. Managua (NI): Fundación Sobrevivienters; 2003. 11.  Olsonn A, Ellsberg M, Berglund S, Herrera A, Zelaya E, Peña R, et al. Sexual abuse during childhood and adolescence among Nicaraguan men and women: a population-based anonymous survey. Child Abuse Negl. 2000 Dec; 24(12):1579-89. 12.  Sanchez M. Encuesta sobre consumo de drogas en estudiantes de enseñanza secundaria de Nicaragua. Noticias del Observador. 2003; 1:25-36. 13.  Kendler KS, Bulik CM, Silberg J, Hettema JM, Myers J, Prescott CA. Childhood sexual abuse and adult psychiatric and substance use disorders in women: an epidemiological and cotwin control analysis. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2000 Oct; 57(10):953-9. 14.  Righthand S, Kerr B, Drach K. Child maltreatment risk assessments: an evaluation guide. New York (US): The Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press; 2003. 15.  Martins, CBG, Jorge, MHPM. Abuso sexual na infância e adolescência: perfil das vítimas e agressores em município do sul do Brasil. Texto Contexto Enferm [online]. 2010 [cited 2015 Jan 20], 19(2):246-55. Available at: https://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-07072010000200005&lng=en&nrm=iso

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