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		Psychological maltreatment and its relationship with substance abuse among university students in Kingston, Jamaica Samantha Longman-Mills,1 Winston De La Haye,2 Hayley A Hamilton,3 Bruna Brands,4 Maria da Gloria Wright,5 Francisco Cumsille,6 Robert Mann,7 Akwatu Khenti8 1Ph.D. Associate Professor, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies. Mona Campus. Kingston, Jamaica. 2Master en Public Health, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus. Kingston, Jamaica. 3Ph.D. Investigator CAMH, University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 4Ph.D. Senior Scientist. Office of Research and Surveillance, Drug Strategy and Controlled Substances Programme, Health Canada and Public Health and Regulatory Policies, CAMH, University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 5Ph.D. Former Coordinator Educational Development Program Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), Secretariat for Multidimensional Security. Washington, USA. 6Ph.D. Director Interamerican Drug Observatory, CICAD, Secretariat for Multidimensional Security at Organization of American States. Washington, USA. 7Ph.D. Investigator Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, CAMH, University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada. 8Doctoral Student. Director Transformative Global Health Office, CAMH. Toronto, Canada Texto Contexto Enferm 24(Esp): 63-68
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Longman-Mills, Samantha; Haye, Winston De La; Hamilton, Hayley A; Brands, Bruna; Wright, Maria da Gloria; Cumsille, Francisco; Mann, Robert; Khenti, Akwatu. Psychological maltreatment and its relationship with substance abuse among university students in Kingston, Jamaica. Texto Contexto Enferm, 2015, 24(Esp). Disponible en <https://www.index-f.com/textocontexto/2015/24s063.php> Consultado el

Abstract The high prevalence of substance abuse in Jamaica, highlights the need to understand the drivers of substance abuse. Experiencing psychological maltreatment (emotional abuse and neglect) during childhood has been suggested to be a risk factor for substance abuse. This study investigates the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and adult substance abuse among Jamaican university students. Three hundred and eighty two (382) university students were selected using systematic sampling techniques. They completed a Kessler Psychological Distress Scale questionnaire, as well as items selected from the Adverse Childhood Experiences and CICAD Drug Use questionnaires. 66.7% had experienced psychological maltreatment. Chi-square analyses identified a significant relationship between experiencing psychological maltreatment and substance abuse (p<0.05). This research provides evidence in support of a link between exposure to childhood psychological maltreatment and substance abuse in adulthood. Key-words: Child abuse/ Street drugs/ Family relations/ Students/ Universities.   Resumen Maltrato psicológico y su relación con abuso de sustancias en estudiantes universitarios en Kingston, Jamaica En Jamaica existen altas tasas de abuso de drogas, lo que remarca la necesidad de comprender los motivadores para el abuso de sustancias. El experimentar maltrato psicológico (abuso emocional y negligencia) durante la infancia ha sido sugerido como un factor de riesgo para el abuso de sustancias. Este estudio investiga la relación entre maltrato psicológico infantil y el abuso de sustancias en la adultez entre estudiantes universitarios jamaiquinos. Trescientos ochenta y dos (382) estudiantes universitarios fueron seleccionados usando una técnica de muestreo sistemático. Ellos completaron el Cuestionario Escala de Distrés Psicológico de Kessler, así como ítems seleccionado de los cuestionarios de Experiencias Adversas en la Infancia y de Uso de Drogas de CICAD. El 66.7% había experimentado maltrato psicológico. El análisis de Chi-cuadrados identificó una relación significativa entre experimentar maltrato psicológico y abuso de sustancias (p<0.05). Esta investigación provee evidencia en apoyo de una asociación entre la exposición a maltrato psicológico infantil y abuso de sustancias en la adultez. Palabras clave: Maltrato a los niños/ Drogas ilícitas/ Relaciones familiares/ Estudiantes/ Universidades.   Resumo Maus-tratos psicológicos e sua relação com o abuso de substâncias entre estudantes universitários em Kingston, Jamaica Altas taxas de abuso de drogas ocorrem na Jamaica, o que ressalta a necessidade de entender os motivadores do abuso de substâncias. Experiências de maus-tratos psicológicos (abuso emocional e negligência) durante a infância têm sugerido representar um fator de risco para o abuso de drogas. Este estudo investiga a relação entre maus-tratos psicológicos na infância e abuso de substâncias na vida adulta entre estudantes universitários jamaicanos. Foram selecionados 382 estudantes universitários usando técnica de amostragem sistemática. Os estudantes completaram o questionário Kessler Psychological Distress Scale, bem como itens selecionados do Adverse Childhood Experiences e do questionário sobre uso de drogas do CICAD. Dos estudantes, 66,7% vivenciaram maus-tratos psicológicos. Análise de qui-quadrado identificou uma relação significativa entre os maus-tratos psicológicos e o abuso de substâncias (p<0,005). Esta pesquisa fornece evidências que mostram a relação entre exposição a maus-tratos psicológicos na infância e abuso de substâncias na juventude. Palavras chave: Maus-tratos infantis/ Drogas ilícitas/ Relações familiares/ Estudantes/ Universidades.   References 1.  The National Council on Drug Abuse. National household survey of drug use and abuse in Jamaica, 2001. Kingston: The National Council on Drug Abuse; 2002. 2.  Trading Economics. Jamaica Unemployment Rate. 2013 [access 2013 Sep 27]; Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/jamaica/unemployment-rate 3.  Trading Economics. Jamaica GDP Per Capita. 2013 [access 2013 Sep 27]; Available at: https://www.tradingeconomics.com/jamaica/gdp-per-capita 4.  Kairys S, Johnson C. The psychological maltreatment of children-technical report. Pediatrics. 2002; 109(4) e68. 5.  Rosenkranz SE, Muller RT, Henderson JL. Psychological maltreatment in relation to substance use problem severity among youth. Child Abuse Negl. 2012 May; 36(5):438-48. 6.  Hibbard R, Barlow J, MacMillan H. Psychological maltreatment. Pediatrics. 2012; 130(2): 372-8. 7.  Bernstein D, Fink L. Childhood Trauma Questionnaire: a retrospective self-report. Manual: Pearson; 1997. 8.  Righthand S, Kerr B, Drach K. Child maltreatment risk assessments: an evaluation guide. Binghampton, New York: The Haworth Maltreatment and Trauma Press; 2003. 9.  Office of the Children's Registry. Statistics by Type of Abuse. 2012 [access 2012 Jul 30]; Available at: https://www.ocr.gov.jm/Child%20abuse%20stats.html 10.  Hart S, Binggeli N, Brassard M. Evidence for the effects of psychological maltreatment. J Emot Abuse. 1997; 1(1):27-58. 11.  Iwaniec D. The emotionally abused and neglected child: identification, assessment and intervention: a practice handbook. West Sussex, England: Wiley; 2006. 12.  Hart S, Brassard M, Binggeli N, Davidson H. Psychological maltreatment. In: Myers JEB, Berliner L, Briere J, Hendrix CT, Jenny C, Reid TA, editors. The APSAC handbook on child maltreatment. 2nd ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications; 2002. p. 79-104. 13.  Smith DE, Mosby G. 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Screening for serious mental illness in the general population. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003 Feb; 60(2):184-9. 19.  Organisation of American States I-ADACC. Comparative analysis of student drug use in Caribbean countries. Washington, DC: Organisation of American States; 2010. 20.  Paivio SC, Cramer KM. Factor structure and reliability of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire in a Canadian undergraduate student sample. Child Abuse Negl. 2004; 28(8):889-904. 21.  Pratt L. Characteristics of adults with serious psychological distress as measured by the K6 Scale: United States 2001-2004 Advance Data 2007; 382. 22.  Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of substance use disorders: a reconsideration and recent applications. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 1997 Jan-Feb; 4(5):231-44. 23.  Garland EL, Pettus-Davis C, Howard MO. Self-medication among traumatized youth: structural equation modeling of pathways between trauma history, substance misuse, and psychological distress. J Behav Med. 2013 Apr; 36(2):175-85. 24.  Strine TW, Dube SR, Edwards VJ, Witt Prehn A, Rasmussen S, Wagenfeld M, et al. Associations between adverse childhood experiences, psychological distress, and adult alcohol problems. Am J Health Behav. 2012 Mar; 36(3):408-23. 25.  Wright MOD, Crawford E, Del Castillo D. Childhood emotional maltreatment and later psychological distress among college students: The mediating role of maladaptive schemas. Child Abuse Negl. 2009 Jan; 33(1):59-68.

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