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RESUMEN

Este trabajo pretende mostrar cómo distintos tipos de ejercicio físico afectan al sistema cardiovascular de personas mayores, para hacer una correcta prescripción de terapia física.
Método: Revisión teórica a partir de revisiones sistemáticas y meta-análisis publicados de 2006 a 2016 en bases de datos: Medline y Cochrane. Se seleccionaron 16 textos.
Resultados: El ejercicio aeróbico regular de intensidad moderada aumenta el consumo máximo de oxígeno; disminuye la FC en reposo, aumentando su variabilidad; según algunos estudios, mejora la modulación vagal de la FC en reposo; tiene efecto beneficioso sobre la rigidez arterial y reduce la PA en reposo en mayores, disminuyendo el riesgo de enfermedad coronaria y AVC isquémico. El ejercicio dinámico de resistencia con miembros superiores reduce la PA, realizado 2 o 3 días/semana. Parece que el ejercicio isométrico con handgrip, un mínimo de 4 semanas, disminuye la PAS y PAD en reposo, aunque son pocos los estudios que lo corroboran. En mayores hipertensos, se recomienda ejercicio combinado aeróbico (30 minutos de 5 a 7 días/semana) y dinámico de resistencia con miembros superiores (2 a 3 días/ semana).
Conclusión: El conocimiento de estos datos confirma la importancia de la prescripción de ejercicio físico regular en personas mayores para mejorar su salud, su calidad de vida y evitar los problemas cardiovasculares del sedentarismo. Es importante que el fisioterapeuta planifique un programa adecuado de ejercicio atendiendo a las necesidades generales de este colectivo y a las características personales (como hipertensión arterial, insuficiencia cardiaca crónica, etc.), basándose en la evidencia científica.
Palabras clave: Ejercicio/ Fisioterapia/ Personas mayores/ Proceso/fenómeno fisiológico cardiovascular.

ABSTRACT

This work aims to show how different types of physical exercise affect the cardiovascular system of older people, to make a correct prescription of physical therapy.
Method: Theoretical review from systematic reviews and meta-analyzes published from 2006 to 2016 in databases: Medline and Cochrane. 16 texts were selected.
Results: Regular aerobic exercise of moderate intensity increases maximal oxygen consumption; decreases the HR at rest, increasing its variability; according to some studies, improves vagal modulation of resting HR; has a beneficial effect on arterial stiffness and reduces BP at rest in elderly patients, reducing the risk of coronary disease and ischemic stroke. Dynamic resistance exercise with upper limbs reduces PA, performed 2 or 3 days/week. It appears that isometric exercise with handgrip, a minimum of 4 weeks, decreases SBP and resting DBP, although few studies corroborate this. In hypertensive subjects, combined aerobic exercise (30 minutes of 5 to 7 days/week) and dynamic resistance with upper limbs (2 to 3 days/week) are recommended.
Conclusion: The knowledge of these data confirms the importance of regular physical exercise prescription in elderly people to improve their health, their quality of life and avoid the cardiovascular problems of the sedentary lifestyle. It is important for the physiotherapist to plan an appropriate exercise program, taking into account the general needs of this group and their personal characteristics (such as hypertension, chronic heart failure, etc.), based on scientific evidence.
Key-words: Exercise/ Physiotherapy/ Elderly people/ Cardiovascular process/physiological phenomenon.
 

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