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RESUMEN

Introducción: Con nuevos avances biotecnológicos nos encontramos con OMG (microorganismo alterado genéticamente sin apareamiento o recombinación natural). Su amenaza al medio ambiente, así como confianza del consumidor, hace necesaria detección mediante etiquetado. Imprescindible legislación nacional y europea que asegure liberación y comercio de OMG.
Objetivo general: Analizar legislación europea de OMG.
Objetivos específicos: a) Conocer legislación vigente sobre OMG Europea. b) Resumir normativa sobre etiquetado. c) Estudiar legislación europea sobre consumo-cultivo de OMG.
Metodología: Búsqueda de información realizada en bases de datos Pubmed (Medline) y AESAN, palabras clave "legislation", "GMO", "Europe".
Resultados: Se encontraron 97 artículos, aceptándose 36. Resto descartado por temática (57), geografía (1) o suscripción (3).La importancia de aplicaciones de OMG aconseja regulación jurídica estricta y observación controlada. Para autorizar un OMG debe cumplir legislación europea (Reglamento 1829/2003). Aquellos OMG autorizados serán excluidos o aceptados a nivel nacional (cada país desarrolla legislación). Éstos autorizados se encuentran con normativa, con función organizativa, de CCAA. En España existen tres tipos de documentos: Ley 9/2003, desarrollada por Real Decreto 178/2004 y 6 Decretos de CCAA. Objetivos principales de estas legislaciones: a) Sentar bases para asegurar nivel elevado de protección de vida y salud de personas, sanidad y bienestar de animales, medio ambiente e intereses consumidores. b) Establecer procedimientos comunitarios para autorización y supervisión. c) Establecer disposiciones relativas al etiquetado.
Discusión: La Legislación actual es exigente aunque existen carencias sobre responsabilidad medioambiental si se produce contaminación accidental. Hay insuficiencia de estudios realizados sobre inocuidad acerca de salud y medio ambiente. No se registra un OMG en etiquetado si <0.9% de ingredientes, siempre si su presencia es accidental. Otro inconveniente es que las empresas son responsables de evaluación de riesgos (conflicto de intereses). Todavía es un tema polémico con amplio debate entre países.
 

ABSTRACT
Study of the force regulation in Europe on OMG

Introduction: Inside the new biotechnological advances we meet the OMG (microorganism which genetic material is altered without matching or natural recombination). The possible threat, pollution or hurt to the environment that these microorganisms could produce, as well as the maintenance of the confidence of the consumer makes the detection of the OMG necessary by means of the labelling. His uses are unlike and do not have limits, for it there is indispensable a national legislation and European who assures and allows the liberation and the trade of the OMG. The general aim is the analysis on the legislation to European level brings over of the OMG. As for specific aims he proposes: To know the in force legislation as for OMG in Europe. To summarize the regulations, decrees and regulations as for labelling. To study the European legislation on the consumption and OMG's culture.
Methodology: The search of the pertinent information was realized in databases as Pubmed (Medline) and AESAN (Spanish Agency of Food and Nutritional Security) by key words as "legislation", "GMO" and "Europe".
Results: they found more than 90 articles (between both databases) and there were accepted 36 of them. The rest was rejected for motives of subject matter (57), geography (1) or subscription and payment (3). The importance of the applications of the OMG advises his development by means of a juridical strict regulation and a controlled observation. In order that an OMG is authorized first it must fulfill the requirements of a detailed European legislation (I Regulate 1829/2003). Those modified authorized microorganisms might be excluded or accepted on the national level since every country develops his own internal legislation. Finally authorized the above mentioned meet a regulation, rather organizational function, to level of autonomous communities. On the national level there exist three types of documents related to OMG: Law 9/2003, developed by the Royal decree 178/2004 and 6 Decrees of the Autonomous Communities. The principal aims of these legislations are: To lay the foundations to assure a high level of protection of the life and the health of the persons, of the health and the well-being of the animals, of the environment and of the interests of the consumers. To establish community procedures for the authorization and supervision of the food and piensos modified genetically. To establish dispositions relative to the labelling of the food and piensos modified genetically.
Discussion: Current demanding Legislation. Lacks as for environmental responsibility in case of accidental pollution. Insufficiency of studies realized on innocuousness brings over of the health and environment. Therefore, it is not possible to assure his innocuousness. With regard to The labelling an OMG is not registered if it does not overcome 0.9% of the ingredients of the food or fodder, providing that the presence is accidental. The companies are the persons in charge of the risk evaluation with the consequent conflict of interests. Polemic topic with wide debate between countries.

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