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Investigación en Enfermería: Imagen y desarrollo [Inv Enf] 2015 ene-jun; 17(1): 97-112  Recebido: 3/4/2014 Aceito: 8/102014

Estigma do câncer de pulmão: conceito, fatores associados e avaliação   Isanne Carolina Pantaleão Cinta Lima,1 Cibele Andruccioli de Mattos Pimenta N.2 (1) Enfermeira. Mestranda do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem em Saúde do Adulto (Proesa) da Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Correioeletrônico: isanne@usp.br. (2) Enfermeira. Professora titular da Escola de Enfermagem, Universidade de São Paulo, Brasil. Correio eletrônico: parpca@usp.br

Resumo

Introdução: O artigo trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura com o objetivo de identificar o �estado da arte� sobre estigma percebido por pacientes com câncer de pulmão e os instrumentos utilizados para essa avaliação. Material e método: A amostra foi composta por 11 artigos que foram localizados através das bases de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval Sistem on-line (Medline), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), PsycINFO e Scopus, utilizando-se combinações entre os descritores stigma AND (lung cancer OR lung neoplasm). A busca foi efetuada entre setembro e outubro de 2013. Resultados: O país com mais publicações foi os Estados Unidos (72,7%) e não houve nenhum estudo brasileiro. As publicações ocorreram entre 2004 e 2013, com predomínio em 2013 (45,4%); isso indica a atualidade do tema. Quatro instrumentos foram utilizados na avaliação do estigma, sendo que o Cataldo Lung Cancer Stigma Scale (CLCSS) é o único específico para câncer de pulmão. Os achados mais significativos foram: doentes com câncer de pulmão se sentem estigmatizados independente de ser fumante ou não, mais culpados, envergonhados e angustiados do que pacientes com outros tipos de câncer e há forte associação entre estigma e depressão e prejuízo na qualidade de vida. Conclusão: Os estudos nessa área são recentes, escassos e não há estudo em amostra brasileira.
Palavras chave: Estigma social/ Neoplasias pulmonares/ Hábito de fumar.
 

Resumen
Estigma del cáncer de pulmón: concepto, factores asociados y evaluación

Introducción: Este artículo es una revisión integradora de la literatura, cuyo objetivo es identificar el estado �estado da arte� respecto al estigma percibido por los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón y los instrumentos utilizados para esta evaluación. Material y métodos: La muestra estuvo conformada por 11 artículos encontrados por medio de bases de datos de análisis de la literatura médica y recuperación en línea: Medline, Cumulative Index de Enfermería y Salud Aliada Literatura (CINAHL), PsycINFO y Scopus, usando combinaciones de descriptores estigma AND (neoplasia de pulmón OR cáncer de pulmón). La búsqueda se realizó entre septiembre y octubre de 2013. Resultados: El país con mayor número de publicaciones fue Estados Unidos (72,7%), y no hubo ningún estudio brasileño. Las publicaciones se produjeron entre 2004 y 2013, sobre todo en 2013 (45,4%), lo que indica la importancia del tema. Se utilizaron cuatro instrumentos para evaluar el estigma, siendo el Cataldo Lung Cancer Stigma Scale (CLCSS) el único específico para el cáncer de pulmón. Los hallazgos más significativos fueron: los pacientes con cáncer de pulmón se sienten estigmatizados, independientemente de ser un fumador o no, culpables, avergonzados y ansiosos que otros pacientes con otros tipos de cáncer y hay una fuerte asociación entre el estigma y la depresión y el deterioro de la calidad de vida. Conclusión: Los estudios en este campo son recientes, muy pocos y ningún estudio en una muestra brasileña.
Palabras clave: Estigma social/ Neoplasias pulmonares/ Hábito de fumar.
 

Abstract
Lung Cancer Stigma: concept, assessment and associated factors

Introduction: This article is an integrative review of the literature, which aims to identify the status of the issue of stigma perceived by patients with lung cancer and the instruments used for this evaluation. Methods: The sample consisted of 11 items found through database analysis of the medical literature and online retrieval: Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and significance level (CINAHL), PsycINFO and Scopus, using combinations of descriptors: stigma AND (lung neoplasm OR lung cancer).The search was conducted between September and October 2013. Results: The country with the highest number of publications was the United States (72.7%), and there was no Brazilian study. The publications were produced between 2004 and 2013, especially in 2013 (45.4%), indicating the importance of the topic. Four instruments to assess stigma were used, with the Cataldo Lung Cancer Stigma Scale (CLCSS) the only specific to lung cancer. The most significant findings were: patients with lung cancer feel stigmatized, regardless of being a smoker or not, they feel more guilty, ashamed and anxious than other patients with other cancers and there is a strong association between stigma and depression and impaired quality of life. Conclusion: The studies in this field are recent, few and no study in a Brazilian sample.
Key-words: Social stigma/ Pulmonary neoplasms/ Smoking.
 

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