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Clausura grupal e identificaci�n de necesidades en las donaciones de sangre y �rganos        

David Casado-Neira
Facultad de Ciencias de la Educaci�n, Universidad de Vigo, Espa�a

Manuscrito recibido el 20.06.2005
Manuscrito aceptado el 1.09.2005 

Index de Enfermer�a [Index Enferm] 2005; 51:45-49

Resumen

La acci�n de dar sin compromiso, el altruismo y la solidaridad est�n en el centro de la donaci�n de sangre y �rganos con fines terap�uticos. Seg�n se hace ver las personas hacen una entrega desinteresada y transcendental: 'la sangre salva vidas'. El altruismo y la solidaridad son aqu� ineludibles, pero la donaci�n est� sometida a los principios de la reciprocidad. La captaci�n y fidelizaci�n de donantes se enfrenta a veces a crisis o dificultades que se pueden explicar en parte por c�mo los donantes interpretan la reciprocidad. Recurriendo a entrevistas y al an�lisis de contenido de campa�as de captaci�n de donantes de sangre y �rganos identificamos dos tipos de reciprocidad (seg�n sea el tipo de destino y concepci�n de la comunidad): focalizada o difusa. La focalizada es caracter�stica de sistemas sociales basados en relaciones personales estrechas (reales o virtuales). La difusa responde a una concepci�n individualista y an�nima de la vida social. En la donaci�n esto va a ser fundamental porque la reciprocidad focalizada es dif�cilmente compatible con la donaci�n terap�utica, que es voluntaria, altruista y an�nima. Lo que dificulta la donaci�n es el intercambio restrictivo de la reciprocidad focalizada, no que este grupo comparta sangre o herencia biol�gica com�n que deseen preservar. 

Abstract (Group closure and needs identification in blood and organ donation)

Three moral values are within the blood and organ donation with therapeutical purpose: giving without obligation, altruism and solidarity. It seems than for donors unselfishness is something transcendental: blood save lives. Altruism and solidarity are present, but spending is under the pattern of reciprocity. Recruiting and keeping blood and organ spenders is an uncertain and complex process. How spenders live reciprocity can help us to understand rejections to donation. The research work is based on personal interviews and on the analyses of the material used in recruitment actions of blood and organ donors. Two kinds of reciprocity were discovered: focused and fuzzy reciprocity (according to how the community is conceived and which is its target). Focused reciprocity is characteristic of social systems based on tight personal relationships. Fuzzy reciprocity is characteristic of individualistic and anonymity based societies. This is a main point in spending, thus focused reciprocity is not compatible with donations with therapeutical purpose which are voluntary, altruist and anonymous. That what obstruct donation is the restricted exchange due to focused reciprocity. Having a common blood relation o biological heritage is not a main basis to reject donation, as it could be thought.

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